Metallic Minerals free essay sample

MATALLIC MENIRALS ROLL NO: 07 Metallic Minerals On an auspicious day, sometime around a million years ago, a member of the Homo habilis species stood erect and walked steadily on his two feet and his two hands became totally free. A new species – Homo erectus—began its journey on a new evolutionary track. This great change took around four million years after his ancestors – the hominids — broke free from the lineage of  apes and chimpanzees. But , perhaps for the next seven to eight hundred thousand years, the descendants of that first Homo erectus kept wondering about what to do with the two free hands apart from holding bones and logs of wood. That was till someone picked up a stone and threw it to some animal – probably because he was scared and was trying to defend himself, or because he was hungry and wanted to get some flesh to eat. But unconsciously, he began the gainful use of a mineral, and unconsciously again, began the evolution of a new  species –Homo sapiens, the modern man. We will write a custom essay sample on Metallic Minerals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Evolving down the generations, man learnt to be choosy in picking up the stones; he realized that all stones are not good for his needs; he tried and erred, and through innumerable trials and errors spanning over tens and hundreds of thousands of  years, finally he zeroed in on a sharp-edged hard mineral that we have named flint. With the sharp edges of flint, he could tear animals for hide and flesh; and much later, he could make knives and axes and spear heads. Flint became the backbone of economy. He began digging the earth, taking out new treasures and burning them. Thus was produced, some 6000 years ago, a new mineral, and from that a new material to which, much later, we have given the name copper metal. And that day began the Copper Age. In fact, this was the beginning of both mining and metallurgy. Not satisfied with copper any longer than a few hundred years, he began experiments with other metallic ores like tin, zinc and lead, and with a stroke of metallurgical genius, produced bronze. In the next two thousand years, by now, he knew about gold and silver also — not so  much for industrial usage, but more for ornaments and amulets. Then came that wonder metal called iron. Man entered not only the Iron Age, but also what is known as the New World. Iron continues to be the backbone of economy even today, supported not just by copper, tin zinc, lead, gold and silver, but by a host of other metals. Although flint has survived the ages and still lives today — in name at least — in some cigarette lighters, we no longer use it for getting energy. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and uranium are the sources of energy now. But compared to the thousands of years of history of copper, lead, zinc tin, gold, silver and iron, the oldest amongst these energy minerals i. e. , coal, has come to our life in a big way, only within the past 400 years or so. And we must not forget that for mining and using these energy minerals — and, in fact, all the minerals that we use today – we need machines, we need metals, we need metallic minerals – in America, in Europe, in China, in India. Even if we do not mine the metals, they still enter from soil into plants and through plants into the cells, tissues and organs of human bodies, to help the humans live healthily. Such is the importance of  metals and metallic minerals in industry, in economy and in human life. From any mineral we do not get a metal. The minerals, from which we get metals, are called ores. Amongst the ores, there are many which are used only for extraction of metals, and there is no other use of them. There are also a few ores which have multiple uses. Of course the most important use is to extract their metal contents, but they can also be used straightaway for making industrial products. As a matter of convention, these are called metallic minerals in economic and statistical circles, to distinguish them from energy minerals and industrial minerals, which are not at all used for extraction of any metal. Examples of such metallic minerals are bauxite, hematite, chromite etc. The importance of these metallic minerals in Indian economy can be gauged from the fact that during the financial year ending March 2006, the total value of production of such minerals was 89. 3 billion rupees i. e. , about 12% of the total value of production of all minerals which was 751. 22 billion rupees and this despite the fact that the value of the metals has not been accounted for in these statistics. But again, the value of metals cannot just be  measured in terms of  rupees; we should also think what would have  happened without the metals. The re would not have been any industry, there would not have been any agriculture, and there would not have been any civilization. What are the uses of some Metallic Minerals? Metals such as nickel, copper and zinc are fundamentally important to modern society since they are used for an endless variety of purposes. A few examples are listed below: * Copper: Copper Pipe, Electrical Wires, Canadian Penny * Nickel: Stainless Steel, Cars And Trucks Frames, Batteries * Titanium: Artificial Joints And Surgical Instruments, Airplane Structures * Iron: Bridges, Car And Truck Frames, Axes, Tools, Steel Girders * Platinum: Petrochemical Industry To Make Gas And Purify Oil, Catalytic Converters On Cars And Trucks To Reduce Emissions * Zinc: Galvanized Nails And Cars Lead: Wet Cell Batteries * Gold: Jewellery, Electrical Wiring Why is a particular metal or a metallic mineral used to perform a particular function or to make a particular product? That is because every metal possesses a unique combination of physical and chemical properties, and in this respect no two metals or two minerals are exactly the same. So a particular use of a metal or a mineral can be best und erstood if the use is linked to the particular set of physical and chemical criteria. Now, gone are the days when all the rich near-surface deposits of metallic minerals were there asking to be dug out and processed for extraction of their metal contents. Those deposits are all finished during the last thousands of years. Today, we are left with only the poor grade minerals from deep-seated deposits for our needs of metals. Can we use any grade of a mineral for recovering its metal value? The answer is yes and no. The answer is yes, because firstly, man is not the producer of the mineral. The mineral was produced by nature hundreds of millions of years ago and stored in safe custody within rocks of  the earth; what man does is only draw some quantity from nature’s store house; and so, he has to accept whatever grade nature has created and whatever, out of the nature’s treasure house, his forefathers have left for him. Secondly, recovery of metals from its minerals depend not on the grades alone, but on an interplay of four factors namely grade of the mineral, grades of other input materials for its processing, technology and prices of the final products based on the metal. Out of  these, the price is determined by the market forces of demand-supply on which the producer has no control. But the other three factors are in the  domain of the producer; he may mine a high  grade mineral at a high cost, and use low grades of other input materials and employ low level technology to recover only a part of its rich metal value, or he may choose to mine an easily available low-grade mineral at low cost, and use high grades of other input materials and employ high level technology to recover almost the whole of whatever metal values are contained in the mineral. The answer is no, because at a given point of time there is a particular technology developed, and only one particular set of input materials with fixed qualities are available for processing a mineral. So, only one particular grade of the mineral can be processed with that technology and with those input materials, and only that particular grade has to be used at that point of time. The story does not, however, end with processing a mineral, recovering its metal values and using those metals for producing various consumer products. Nature has not given us minerals containing all metals, and nothing else. In exceptional cases, some pure gold nuggets were found, but they have all been taken away by our forefathers. As it stands today, though there are some metallic minerals like hematite with more than 65% of metal value, there are others that contain less than one percent. What happen to the huge quantities of material that are left out after the metal values are recovered? Such material may, in some cases, be even up to 99% or more of what is mined. Those are generally referred to as waste materials. Then there are wastages at the stage of manufacturing the consumer products out of the metals and the consumers themselves waste a lot of those products during and after their use. In fact, wastes generate at every stage of  economic activity, but it has been the experience that yesterday’s waste is today’s asset and today’s waste will be tomorrow’s asset. This happens because the developments in technology are not only about recovering the metals, they are also about utilization of the so called wastes. After all, technology is for minimizing the costs at every level starting from mining of the mineral down to the final consumption, so that at every stage the cost is less than the market price. There is another dimension of the usage of metals and minerals – substitution. Though there are some metals which are indispensable in certain uses, there are also some which can be replaced by some other material in a use. This happens if the cost advantages of using a metal vis-a-vis its performance are lost and a cheaper and/or better material becomes available. A metal can be substituted either by another metal (e. g. , copper by aluminium in electrical transmission wire) or by a non-metallic substance (e. g. , aluminium by plastics in construction material). Distribution of Metallic Minerals World Mineral Map (Metallic) Indian mineral map (metallic)

Profile of Idaho Teen Killer Sarah Johnson

Profile of Idaho Teen Killer Sarah Johnson Sarah Johnson was 16 years old when she shot and killed her parents with a high-powered rifle because they did not approve of her 19-year-old boyfriend. Victims Alan, 46, and Diane Johnson, 52, lived in an attractive home that sat on two acres of land in an affluent suburb in the small community of Bellevue, Idaho. They had been married for 20 years and were devoted to each other and their two children, Matt and Sarah. The Johnsons were well liked in the community. Alan was the co-owner of a popular landscaping company, and Diane worked for a financial firm. The Crime In the early morning hours of September 2, 2003, Sarah Johnson ran out of her home, screaming for help. She told neighbors that her parents had just been murdered. When police arrived, they found Diane Johnson lying under the covers of her bed, dead from a shotgun blast that had removed most of her head. Alan Johnson was found lying next to the bed, dead from a gunshot wound to his chest. The shower was running, and Alan’s body was wet. Based on wet, bloody footprints and blood splatters, it appeared that he had stepped out of the shower and was then shot, but managed to walk towards Diane before collapsing and bleeding to death. The Crime Scene The police immediately secured the crime scene including sectioning off an entire block around the house. In a trashcan outside of the Johnson’s home, investigators found a bloody pink bathrobe and two gloves. One was a left-handed leather glove, and the other was a right-handed latex glove. Inside the home detectives found a trail of blood spatters, tissue and bone fragments that went from the Johnson’s bedroom, into the hall, and across to Sarah Johnson’s bedroom. A .264 Winchester Magnum rifle was found in the master bedroom. Two butcher knives, with the tips of the blades touching, had been placed on the end of the Johnson’s bed. A magazine of bullets was also found in Sarah’s bedroom, which was located around 20 feet across the hall from the Johnsons bedroom. There was no evidence of forced entry into the home. Sarah Johnson Talks to Police When Sarah Johnson first talked to the police, she said that she woke up around 6:15 a.m. and heard her parents shower running. She continued to lie in bed but then heard two gunshots. Sarah Johnson ran to her parent’s bedroom and found that their door was closed. She did not open the door, but rather called for her mother who did not answer. Frightened, she ran out of the house and began screaming for help. The Story Changes Her story of what happened would change several times throughout the investigation. Sometimes she said her parent’s door was slightly opened and other times she said her door was closed, but not her parent’s door. Based on the forensic evidence found in the hall and Sarah’s bedroom, both her door and her parent’s door would have to have been opened. Sarah also admitted that the pink robe was hers, but denied knowing anything about how it ended up in the trash. When first asked about the robe her first response was to say that she did not kill her parents, which investigators found odd. She said she thought the killer was a maid who had been recently fired by the Johnsons for stealing. The Murder Weapon The owner of the rifle used to kill the Johnsons belonged to Mel Speegle, who was renting a garage apartment in a guesthouse located on the Johnson’s property. He was away over the Labor Day weekend and had not yet returned home on the day of the murders. When questioned, he told police that the rifle was kept in an unlocked closet in his apartment. Infatuation and Obsession Sarah Johnson was described by neighbors and friends as a sweet girl who enjoyed playing volleyball. But another Sarah had emerged over the summer months. One that seemed infatuated and obsessed with her 19-year-old boyfriend, Bruno Santos Dominguez. Sarah and Dominguez had been dating for three months before the murder of her parents. The Johnsons did not approve of the relationship because Dominguez was 19 and an undocumented Mexican immigrant. He also had a reputation for being involved in drugs. Close friends of Sarah’s said that a few days before the Johnson’s murder, Sarah showed them a ring and told them that she and Dominguez were engaged. They also said that Sarah often lied, so they did not completely buy into what Sarah was saying about her engagement. Days Leading up to the Murder On August 29, Sarah told her parents that she was spending the night with friends, but instead, she spent the night with Dominguez. When her parents found out, her father went to look for her the next day and found her with Bruno at his family’s apartment. Sarah and her parents argued, and Sarah told them about her engagement. Diane was very upset and said that she was going to go to the authorities and report Dominguez for statutory rape. If nothing else, she hoped to have him deported. They also grounded Sarah for the rest of the Labor Day weekend and took her car keys. During the following days Sarah, who had a key to Speegle’s apartment, was in and out of the guesthouse for various reasons. Both Diane and Sarah called Matt Johnson, who was away at college, on the night before the murders. Matt said his mother cried about Sarahs relationship with Dominguez and expressed how embarrassed she felt by Sarahs actions. Uncharacteristically, Sarah seemed to accept her parents punishment and told Matt that she knew what they were up to. Matt did not like how the comment sounded and almost called his mother back, but decided not to because it was so late. The next day the Johnsons were dead. DNA Evidence DNA testing showed that blood and tissue belonged to Diane on Sarah’s pink robe, along with DNA that matched Sarah. Gunshot residue was found on the leather glove, and Sarah’s DNA was found inside of the latex glove. Diane’s DNA was also found in the blood that was on the socks Sarah was wearing on the morning her parents were killed. Sarah Johnson is Arrested On October 29, 2003, Sarah Johnson was arrested and charged as an adult on two counts of first-degree murder to which she pleaded not guilty. Nancy Grace Helped Prosecutors One of the big problems that the prosecution had with a major piece of evidence had to do with the pattern of blood splatters found on the pink robe. Most of the blood was on the left sleeve and the back of the robe. If Sarah put the robe on before shooting her parents, how did so much blood get on the back? While the prosecution was struggling to put together a viable explanation for the location of the blood on the robe, Sarahs defense lawyer, Bob Pangburn happened to appear as a guest on the Nancy Grace Current Affairs program. Nancy Grace asked Pangburn about the blood on the robe, and he said it showed possible contamination of evidence and that it actually could help exonerate Sarah Johnson. Nancy Grace offered another explanation. She suggested that if Sarah wanted to protect her body and clothing from blood splatter, that she could have put the robe on backward. Doing that would act as a shield, and the blood would then end up on the back of the robe. Rod Englert and other members of the prosecution team happened to be watching the program, and Graces theory provided them with a reasonable scenario that would result in the blood patterns that were on the robe. Court Testimony During the trial, there was a lot of testimony about Sarah Johnson’s inappropriate behavior and lack of emotions about the brutal murder of her parents. Neighbors and friends who offered comfort to Sarah on the day her parents were killed said that she was more concerned about seeing her boyfriend. She also did not seem traumatized, which would be expected if a teen went through the experience that she had inside the house when her parents were gunned down. At her parents funeral, she talked about wanting to play volleyball that evening and any sadness that she displayed seemed superficial. Witnesses also testified about the troubled relationship between Sarah and her mother, but many also added that it was not that unusual for a girl her age to fight with their mother. However, her half-brother, Matt Johnson, gave some of the most insightful testimony about Sarah, although it also proved to be some of the most damaging. Johnson described her as a drama queen and a good actor who had the propensity to lie. During part of his two-hour testimony, he said that the first thing Sarah told him when he arrived at their home after finding out his parent’s had been murdered, was that the police thought that she did it. He told her he thought Dominguez did it, which she vehemently denied. She said that Dominguez loved Alan Johnson like a father. Matt knew this was not true. She also told him that at 2 a.m. on the night before the murders, that someone had been to the house. Her parents checked the yard to make sure no one was out there before they went back to bed. She had not provided this information to the police. Regardless Matt did not believe her but did not challenge what she was saying. In the weeks after the murders, Matt testified that he avoided asking his sister about the murders because he was afraid of what she might tell him. The "No Blood, No Guilt" Defense Some of the strongest points that Sarah’s defense team made during her trial had to do with the lack of biological matter found on Sarah or her clothing. Investigators found nothing in her hair, hands, or anywhere else. Experts testified that with Diane having been shot at such close range, it would be impossible for the shooter to avoid being sprayed with blood and tissue and yet none was found on Sarah who underwent two complete physical exams on the day of the murders. Her fingerprints were also not found on the bullets, rifle or the knives.  However, there was one unidentified print found on the rifle. The testimony of cellmates of Sarahs who testified about some of the damaging comments she made regarding the murders was challenged. One cellmate said that Sarah said the knives were placed on the bed to throw off the police and make it look like a gang-related shooting. The defense fought to have the testimonies thrown out because the cellmates were adults and the law forbids incarcerated minors to be housed with adults. The judge did not agree, stating that if Sarah could be tried as an adult, she could be housed with adult prisoners. The defense team also questioned Matt Johnson about the life insurance money he would get if Sarah were out of the picture, insinuating that he had a lot to gain if Sarah was found guilty. The Verdict and Sentencing The jury deliberated for 11 hours before finding Sarah Johnson guilty on two counts of murder in the first degree. She was sentenced to two fixed life prison terms, plus 15 years, without the possibility of parole. She was also fined $10,000, of which $5,000 was allocated to go to Matt Johnson. Appeals Efforts for a new trial were turned down in 2011. A hearing was granted for November 2012, based on the possibility that new DNA and fingerprint technology that was not available during Sarah Johnsons trial may prove that she is innocent. Attorney Dennis Benjamin and the Idaho Innocence Project took on her case pro bono in 2011. On February 18, 2014, the Idaho Supreme Court  rejected Johnsons appeal.

The Citizen Genêt Affair of 1793

The Citizen Genà ªt Affair of 1793 The new United States federal government had largely managed to avoid serious diplomatic incidents until 1793. And then along came Citizen Genà ªt. Now more infamously known as â€Å"Citizen Genà ªt,† Edmond Charles Genà ªt served as France’s foreign minister to the United States from 1793 to 1794. Rather than maintaining friendly relationships between the two nations, Genà ªt’s activities entangled France and the United States in a diplomatic crisis that endangered the United States government’s attempts to remain neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and Revolutionary France. While France ultimately resolved the dispute by removing Genà ªt from his position, the events of the Citizen Genà ªt affair forced the United States to create its first set of procedures governing international neutrality. Citizen Genà ªt Edmond Charles Genà ªt was virtually raised to be a government diplomat. Born in Versailles in 1763, he was the ninth son of a lifelong French civil servant, Edmond Jacques Genà ªt, a head clerk in the ministry of foreign affairs. The elder Genà ªt analyzed British naval strength during the Seven Years War and monitored the progress of the American Revolutionary War. By the age of 12, the young Edmond Genà ªt was considered a prodigy due to his ability to read French, English, Italian, Latin, Swedish, Greek, and German. In 1781, at age 18, Genà ªt was appointed court translator and in 1788 was assigned to the French embassy in Saint Petersburg, Russia to serve as ambassador. Genà ªt eventually came to despise all monarchical systems of government, including not only the French monarchy but the Tsarist Russian regime under Catherine the Great, as well. Needless to say, Catherine was offended and in 1792, declared Genà ªt persona non grata, calling his presence â€Å"not only superfluous but even intolerable.† The same year, the anti-monarchist Girondist group rose to power in France and appointed Genà ªt to his post of minister to the United States. Diplomatic Setting of the Citizen Genà ªt Affair During the 1790s, American foreign policy was dominated by the multi-national fallout being generated by the French Revolution. After the violent overthrow of the French monarchy in 1792, the French revolutionary government faced an often-violent colonial power struggle with the monarchies of Great Britain and Spain. In 1793, President George Washington had just appointed former U.S. ambassador to France Thomas Jefferson as America’s first Secretary of State. When the French Revolution led to war between America’s top trade partner Britain and American Revolution ally France, President Washington urged Jefferson, along with the rest of his Cabinet, to maintain a policy of neutrality. However, Jefferson, as leader of the anti-federalist Democratic-Republican Party, sympathized with the French revolutionaries. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, leader of the Federalist Party, favored maintaining existing alliances- and treaties- with Great Britain. Convinced that supporting either Great Britain or France in a war would place the still comparatively weak United States in imminent danger of invasion by foreign armies, Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality on April 22, 1793. It was this setting that the French government sent Genà ªt – one of its most experienced diplomats- to America to seek the U.S. government’s help in protecting its colonies in the Caribbean. As far as the French government was concerned, America could help them as either an active military ally or as a neutral supplier of arms and materials. Genà ªt was also assigned to: Obtain advance payments on debts owed to France by the United States;Negotiate a commercial agreement between the United States and France; andImplement provisions of the 1778 Franco-American treaty allowing France to attack British merchant ships using French ships stationed in American ports. Unfortunately, Genà ªt’s actions in trying to carry out his mission would bring him – and potentially his government- into direct conflict with the U.S. government. Hello, America. I’m Citizen Genà ªt and I’m Here to Help As soon as he stepped off the ship in Charleston, South Carolina on April 8, 1793, Genà ªt introduced himself as â€Å"Citizen Genà ªt† in an effort to emphasize his pro-revolutionary stance. Genà ªt hoped his affection for French revolutionaries would help him win the hearts and minds of Americans who had recently fought their own revolution, with the help of France, of course. The first American heart and mind Genà ªt apparently won belonged to South Carolina governor William Moultrie. Genà ªt convinced Gov. Moultrie to issue privateering commissions that authorized the bearers, regardless of their country of origin, to board and seize British merchant ships and their cargo for their own profit, with the approval and protection of the French government. In May 1793, Genà ªt arrived in Philadelphia, then the U.S. capital. However, when he presented his diplomatic credentials, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson told him that President Washington’s Cabinet considered his agreement with Gov. Moultrie sanctioning the operations of foreign privateers in American seaports to be a violation of the U.S. policy of neutrality. Taking more wind from Genà ªt’s sails, the U.S. Government, already holding favorable trade privileges in French ports, refused to negotiate a new trade treaty. Washington’s Cabinet also refused Genà ªt’s request for advance payments on U.S. debts to the French government. Genà ªt Defies Washington Not to be deterred by the U.S. government’s warnings, Genà ªt began outfitting another French pirate ship in Charleston Harbor named the Little Democrat. Defying further warnings from U.S. officials to not allow the ship to leave port, Genà ªt continued to prepare the Little Democrat to sail. Further fanning the flames, Genà ªt threatened to bypass the U.S. government by taking his case for French piracy of British ships to the American people, who he believed would back his cause. However, Genà ªt failed to realize that President Washington- and his international neutrality policy- enjoyed great public popularity. Even as President Washington’s Cabinet was discussing how to convince the French government to recall him, Citizen Genà ªt allowed the Little Democrat to sail and begin attacking British merchant ships. Upon learning of this direct violation of the U.S. government’s neutrality policy, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton asked Secretary of State Jefferson to immediately expel Genà ªt from the United States. Jefferson, however, decided to take the more diplomatic tact of sending a request Genà ªt’s recall to the French government. By the time Jefferson’s request for Genà ªt’s recall reached France, political power within the French government shifted. The radical Jacobins group had replaced the slightly less radical Girondins, who had originally sent Genà ªt to the United States. The foreign policy of the Jacobins favored maintaining friendlier relations with neutral countries that could provide France with crucially needed food. Already unhappy with his failure to fulfill his diplomatic mission and suspecting him of remaining loyal to the Girondins, the French government stripped Genà ªt of his position and demanded that the U.S. government hand him over to French officials sent to replace him. Aware that Genà ªt’s return to France would almost certainly result in his execution, President Washington and Attorney General Edmund Randolph allowed him to remain in the United States. The Citizen Genà ªt affair came to a peaceful end, with Genà ªt himself continuing to reside in the United States until his death in 1834. The Citizen Genà ªt Affair Solidified  US Neutrality Policy In response to the Citizen Genà ªt affair, the United States immediately established a formal policy regarding international neutrality. On August 3, 1793, President Washington’s Cabinet unanimously signed a set of regulations regarding neutrality. Less than a year later, on June 4, 1794, Congress formalized those regulations with its passage of the Neutrality Act of 1794. As the basis for U.S. neutrality policy, the Neutrality Act of 1794 makes it illegal for any American to wage war against any country currently at peace with the United States. In part, the Act declares: â€Å"If any person shall within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States begin or set on foot or provide or prepare the means for any military expedition or enterprise ... against the territory or dominions of any foreign prince or state of whom the United States was at peace that person would be guilty of a misdemeanor.† Although amended several times over the years, the Neutrality Act of 1794 remains in force today.

Child Exploitation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child Exploitation - Research Paper Example This will require due process of law, to determine. The man is only a suspect, at the moment, until judgment is passed in a court of law. It is tempting to believe in his guilt, since it is his computer that contains pornographic pictures of Jennifer and other children. This is, however, circumstantial evidence, until he confesses, or there is convincing, admissible testimony against him, or there is overwhelming, admissible evidence. The pornography is incriminating evidence, but we do not know, for a fact, that these are photos or videos which he took and possibly distributed, or whether perhaps his housekeeper or gardener or best buddy used his computer to do so. Perhaps he is being framed by police. Maybe Jennifer has falsified identification that indicates she is not a minor. Maybe Jennifer’s mother vouched for her daughter’s older age and there was no reasonable clue to suggest otherwise. Maybe he checked her driving license and her Facebook account, as well as her personal website, and they all indicated clearly that she was 19 years old. Maybe this man suffers from Dissociative Identity Disorder and is unaware of a personality behaving in a criminal manner. Maybe he is profoundly mentally retarded and is not capable of understanding the illegality and consequences of what he did, if indeed he did it. Many things are possible and open to speculation, at the moment. It is easy to assume guilt in a case that triggers emotional shock, horror, and disgust, but this is the type of situation in which the community must wait for a court of law to make an official finding. The underlying assumption, contained in this first question, bears some reflection. Are Jennifer and her mother willing participants? Jennifer is 16. This means that in 31 states, she is old enough to give consent for sexual activity. In 19 states, Jennifer is not a willing participant, because she is

Should foreign policy be about promoting values in the world or simply Essay

Should foreign policy be about promoting values in the world or simply about protecting the national interest - Essay Example ntain elements that attempt to promote useful ethical and moral values that are thought to be important for the progress of humanity (Donnelly, 2004, Pp. 1 – 16)? After having lost millions of lives and having endured two World Wars, a broad consensus has now finally emerged in regard to what may be considered to be ethical behavior by a state and international institutions do exist to protect and promote international law(Dongyan, 2006, Sections I to IV) and (Harries, 2005, Pp. 1 – 10). These institutions also encourage mediation and dialogue between nations. Nation states have always tried to influence other nations through intimidation, coercion or rewards, but in an era of globalization which has had a profound influence on the manner in which the world works, communicates, trades and acts in concert on important issues, perhaps promotion of ethical and moral values are as important as safeguarding the national interest (Reisman, 1999, Pp. 1 – 15). However, t his is also an era of global economic competitions, with many nations only paying a lip service to values associated with human rights, democracy and morality in interstate relations, preferring to constantly receive, but never give. Thus, a greater emphasis needs to be placed on the protection of national interests rather then on the promotion of values. This brief essay presents a discussion of this issue. Interest has been a guide for the diplomatic conduct of states since the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when the concept of modern sovereign states was being formulated (Shembilku, 2004, Pp. â€Å"The Concept of National Interest†). Interest was then considered in terms of those aspirations which were prompted by rational calculations and pursued with prudence. Thus, it was important for those who were at the helm of power to know when to use power and when to desist from the use of power. Prudence was a term that was used in relation to the carrying out of actions to achieve political

Compared....Locke and Hobbes Essay Example for Free

Compared.Locke and Hobbes Essay Locke and Hobbes were both social contract theorists, and both natural law theorists (Natural law in the sense of Saint Thomas Aquinas, not Natural law in the sense of Newton), but there the resemblance ends. All other natural law theorists assumed that man was by nature a social animal. Hobbes assumed otherwise, thus his conclusions are strikingly different from those of other natural law theorists. In addition to his unconventional conclusions about natural law, Hobbes was fairly infamous for producing numerous similarly unconventional results in physics and mathematics. The leading English mathematician of that era, in the pages of the Proceedings of the Royal Academy, called Hobbes a lunatic for his claim to have squared the circle. The Grolier encyclopedia contrasts Locke and Hobbes as follows: Locke’s considerable importance in political thought is better known. As the first systematic theorist of the philosophy of liberalism, Locke exercised enormous influence in both England and America. In his Two Treatises of Government (1690), Locke set forth the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right—and sometimes the duty—to withdraw their support and even to rebel. Locke opposed Thomas Hobbes’s view that the original state of nature was â€Å"nasty, brutish, and short,† and that individuals through a social contract surrendered—for the sake of self-preservation—their rights [ ] Locke addressed Hobbes’s claim that the state of nature was the state of war, though he attribute this claim to â€Å"some men† not to Hobbes. He refuted it by pointing to existing and real historical examples of people in a state of nature. For this purpose he regarded any people who are not subject to a common judge to resolve disputes, people who may legitimately take action to themselves punish wrong doers, as in a state of nature. Second treatise, Section 14 It is often asked as a mighty objection, where are, or ever were, there any men in such a state of Nature? To which it may suffice as an answer at present, that since all princes and rulers of â€Å"independent† governments all through the world are in a state of Nature, it is plain the world never was, nor never will be, without numbers of men in that state. I have named all governors of â€Å"independent† communities, whether they are, or are not, in league with others; for it is not every compact that puts an end to the state of Nature between men, but only this one of agreeing together mutually to enter into one community, and make one body politic; other promises and compacts men may make one with another, and yet still be in the state of Nature. The promises and bargains for truck, etc., between the two men in Soldania, in or between a Swiss and an Indian, in the woods of America, are binding to them, though they are perfectly in a state of Nature in reference to one another for truth, and keeping of faith belongs to men as men, and not as members of society. Second treatise, Section 17, 18, 19 And hence it is that he who attempts to get another man into his absolute power does thereby put himself into a state of war with him; it being to be understood as a declaration of a design upon his life. For I have reason to conclude that he who would get me into his power without my consent would use me as he pleased when he had got me there, and destroy me too when he had a fancy to it; for nobody can desire to have me in his absolute power unless it be to compel me by force to that which is against the right of my freedom- i. e. make me a slave. To be free from such force is the only security of my preservation, and reason bids me look on him as an enemy to my preservation who would take away that freedom which is the fence to it; so that he who makes an attempt to enslave me thereby puts himself into a state of war with me. He that in the state of Nature would take away the freedom that belongs to any one in that state must necessarily be supposed to have a design to take away everything else, that freedom being the foundation of all the rest; as he that in the state of society would take away the freedom belonging to those of that society or commonwealth must be supposed to design to take away from them everything else, and so be looked on as in a state of war. This makes it lawful for a man to kill a thief who has not in the least hurt him, nor declared any design upon his life, any farther than by the use of force, so to get him in his power as to take away his money, or what he pleases, from him; because using force, where he has no right to get me into his power, let his pretense be what it will, I have no reason to suppose that he who would take away my liberty would not, when he had me in his power, take away everything else. And, therefore, it is lawful for me to treat him as one who has put himself into a state of war with me- i. e. , kill him if I can; for to that hazard does he justly expose himself whoever introduces a state of war, and is aggressor in it. And here we have the plain difference between the state of Nature and the state of war, which however some men have confounded, are as far distant as a state of peace, goodwill, mutual assistance, and preservation; and a state of enmity, malice, violence and mutual destruction are one from another. Men living together according to reason without a common superior on earth, with authority to judge between them, is properly the state of Nature. But force, or a declared design of force upon the person of another, where there is no common superior on earth to appeal to for relief, is the state of war; and it is the want of such an appeal gives a man the right of war even against an aggressor, though he be in society and a fellow-subject. Thus, a thief whom I cannot harm, but by appeal to the law, for having stolen all that I am worth, I may kill when he sets on me to rob me but of my horse or coat, because the law, which was made for my preservation, where it cannot interpose to secure my life from present force, which if lost is capable of no reparation, permits me my own defense and the right of war, a liberty to kill the aggressor, because the aggressor allows not time to appeal to our common judge, nor the decision of the law, for remedy in a case where the mischief may be irreparable. Want of a common judge with authority puts all men in a state of Nature; force without right upon a manSRC=s person makes a state of war both where there is, and is not, a common judge. Hobbes, on the contrary, asserts that without subjection to a common power, men are necessarily at war: Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common Power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called Warre; and such a warre, as is of every man, against every man. In on this issue, and also on the meaning of civil society, Hobbes’s position is the same as the fascist position: Peace is actually war in disguise. This is why Hobbes argued that corporations should be suppressed and replaced by the direct exercise of state power. This is why Hitler thought that declaring war on America was merely a meaningless trivial symbol. It was not merely a symbol. Peace is not merely maneuvering preparatory to predatory attack. Unlike the communists and the fascists Hobbes had no specific concrete plan for suppressing competition and the pursuit of conflicting goals, and he might well have disapproved of the details of the fascists plans, but he clearly regarded their objectives as a desirable and popular part of any good state. Locke was the seventeenth century precursor of classic liberalism, and Hobbes was the seventeenth century precursor of modern totalitarianism, particularly fascism. Hobbes argued that what we today call civil society should exist only by the power of the state, and to the extent that it existed independent of the state, for example private associations, corporations, and political discussion, it should be suppressed. This measure is the distinctive characteristic of modern totalitarianism, both communist and fascist, though Hobbes’s reasoning in favor of this measure is fascist, rather than communist. Chapter 29 of Hobbes’s Leviathan: For men, as they become at last weary of irregular jostling and hewing one another, and desire with all their hearts to conform themselves into one firm and lasting edifice [ ] I observe the diseases of a Commonwealth that proceed from the poison of seditious doctrines, whereof one is that every private man is judge of good and evil actions. [ ] Another infirmity of a Commonwealth is the immoderate greatness of a town, when it is able to furnish out of its own circuit the number and expense of a great army; as also the great number of corporations, which are as it were many lesser Commonwealths in the bowels of a greater, like worms in the entrails of a natural man. To may be added, liberty of disputing against absolute power by pretenders to political prudence; which though bred for the most part in the lees of the people, yet animated by false doctrines are perpetually meddling with the fundamental laws, to the molestation of the Commonwealth, like the little worms which physicians call ascarides. Hobbes’s theory has far more in common with fascism, than it does with Locke’s theory. To say that they were both social contract theorists is like saying that Adam Smith believed in the labor theory of value and Karl Marx believed in the labor theory of value, therefor Smith was a Marxist or Marx was a Smithian. Locke’s social contract had as much in common with Hobbes’s social contract as Ricardo’s labor theory of value had with Marx’s labor theory of value. Fascism is largely corporatism, indeed many fascists argued that fascism simply was corporatism, that race theory was irrelevant. Certainly Mussolini and Franco held this view. Corporatism derives from â€Å"one body† (corpora=body), not from corporation. Same metaphor as Hobbes’s Leviathan, and the cover of Hobbes’s book, and, in the case of fascism, the same rationale. The race, the nation, the folk, or whatever, are to be welded into a single entity, by the application of whatever force necessary Hobbes favored unlimited power for the state, and he favored it for the purpose of ending all conflict and contention. He saw all non-state society as simply bad happenings that should be suppressed. If people go about their material lives freely they will come in conflict, and Hobbes regards it as the duty of the state to prevent such conflict. Locke argues that government is legitimate, but only legitimate in so far as it acts within the limits of this implied contract. Like any unwritten contract, it is not at all clear just what precisely the limits of Locke’s contract are, and Locke clearly considered that his contract could stretch a long way, but is equally clear that modern twentieth century governments are substantially breaking it, for the majority of disputes that an ordinary citizen finds himself involved in are disputes with the state, and in these disputes, for example with the IRS, the state acts as judge in its own cause, a clear violation of the Lockean contract. A state cannot be as large and intrusive as modern states are without finding it necessary to substantially violate Locke’s implied contract in many ways. Locke’s contract was for a judge. Hobbes’s contract was for a master. While in some situations the distinction between these two roles may be fuzzy, it is clear that vast majority of people today encounter the state in the role of master, rather than judge, thus the modern state is far more Hobbesian than Lockean, though it is still very far from the absolutist government that Hobbes commended. .

The Winslow Boy by Terrance Rattigan :: Free Essay Writer

The Winslow Boy by Terrance Rattigan The Winslow Boy is a play by Terrance Rattigan. It is based on the Archer-Shee case, and is about a young fourteen-year-old boy named Ronnie, who is expelled from the Osbourne Naval Cadets for stealing a five-shilling postal order. This essay is all about some of Ronnie’s friends and family, and their different views on the case. Arthur is Ronnie’s father. He believes that Ronnie is innocent because he knows his son better than anybody and can tell when he is lying or not. On page 34-35, Arthur asks Ronnie, â€Å"Did you steal this postal order?† Ronnie’s then replies, â€Å"No, Father. I didn’t.† Arthur asks again, staring into his eyes, â€Å"Did you steal this postal order?† â€Å"No, Father. I didn’t.† Arthur continued to stare into his eyes for a moment, then relaxes. This tells us that Arthur has decided that Ronnie is innocent. At one point, he had been talking to Grace, and she had almost convinced him to give the case up, and he nearly did. He told Sir Robert Moreton and Catherine that he wasn’t going to go through with the case, but they knew that he didn’t mean it, so they gave him a few days and he decided that he had made the wrong decision and went back to Sir Robert. Grace is Ronnie’s mother. She believes that Ronnie is innocent, and that he didn’t steal the postal order, but she was very shocked when Ronnie was expelled. However, she is not as involved in the case as Arthur, and believes that he is â€Å"Blowing the whole thing out of proportion†. On page 78, for example, Grace is having a conversation with Arthur, â€Å"Oh! I wish I could see the sense of it all! (She points to Ronnie) He’s perfectly happy at a good school, doing very well. No need to ever have known about Osbourne, if you hadn’t gone and shouted it out to the whole world. As it is, whatever happens now, he’ll go through the rest of his life as ‘That boy in the Winslow Case’ â€Å" She is very motherly and comforting towards Ronnie and doesn’t like the amount of stress being put on Ronnie by the case. Catherine, Ronnie’s older sister, is a very strong-minded and intelligent person. She definitely knows that Ronnie did not steal the postal order and will not give up the case without a fight, and is prepared to sacrifice even her husband for Ronnie’s rights (This shows strong family bonds).

Kfc Founder

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Colonel Sanders| | Born| Harland David Sanders September 9, 1890 Henryville, Indiana, U. S. | Died| December 16, 1980  (aged  90) Louisville, Kentucky, U. S. | Cause  of death| Pneumonia| Nationality| American| Education| School dropout[1]| Occupation| Entrepreneur| Board member  of| Kentucky Fried Chicken(founder)| Religion| Disciples of Christ| Spouse(s)| Josephine King (divorced) Claudia Price| Children| Harland David Sanders, Jr. Margaret Sanders Mildred Sanders Ruggles| Parents| Wilbur David Sanders Margaret Ann Sanders  (nee Dunlevy)[2]| Signature| |Colonel[a]  Harland David Sanders  (September 9, 1890  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ December 16, 1980) was anAmerican  businessman and restaurateur who founded the  Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)restaurant chain. Sanders passed through several professions in his lifetime, with mixed success. He first served his fried chicken in 1930 in the midst of the  Great Depression  at a  gas station  he owned in  North Corbin, a small city on the edge of the  Appalachian Mountains  in south eastern Kentucky. With a flair for promotion and dedication to providing quality  fast food, Sanders oversaw his franchise in becoming one of the largest in the world.His likeness appears on their boxes to this day, and a stylized graphic of his face is a trademark of the corporation. Contents * 1  Early Life * 2  Early jobs * 3  Career * 4  Death and legacy * 5  Footnotes * 6  Further reading * 7  External links| ————————————————- Early Life Harland Sanders at age 20 Sanders was born on 9 September 1890 in a thin-walled, four room shack on a country road three miles east ofHenryville, Indiana. [3]  He was the oldest of three children born to Wilbur David and Margaret Ann Sanders. 3]Sanders was of Irish descent. [4] Sanders' father was a mild and affectionat e man who tried to make a living as a farmer, but fell and broke his back and a leg and had to give it up. [3]  For two years he worked as a butcher in Henryville. [3]  One afternoon in the summer of 1895 he came home with a fever and died later that day. [3]  Sanders' mother took work in a tomato-canning factory, and the young Harland was required to cook for his family. [3] Sanders dropped out of school when he was 12. [5]  When his mother remarried in 1902 his stepfather beat him.So then, with his mother's approval, he left home to live with his uncle in  Albany. [6] ————————————————- Early jobs Sanders falsified his date of birth and enlisted in the United States Army at the age of fifteen, completing his service commitment as a mule handler in Cuba. [6]  He was honorably discharged after four months and made his way to  Sheffield, Alabama  where an unc le lived. [6]  It so happened that his brother Clarence had also made his way there, in order to avoid his stepfather. 6]  During his early years, Sanders held many jobs, including: steamboat pilot, insurance salesman, railroad fireman and farmer. [7] Sanders married Josephine King in 1908 and started a family, but after his boss fired him for insubordination while he was on a trip, Josephine stopped writing him letters. He then learned that Josephine had left him, given away all their furniture and household goods, and taken the children back to her parents’s home. Josephine ’s brother wrote Sanders a letter saying, â€Å"She had no business marrying a no-good fellow like you who can’t hold a job. He had a son, Harland, Jr. , who died at an early age, and two daughters, Margaret Sanders and Mildred Sanders Ruggles. [8][9] ————————————————- Career Sanders remains the official face of Kentucky Fried Chicken, and appears on its logo The  restaurant  in  Corbin, Kentucky  where Colonel Sanders developed Kentucky Fried Chicken Colonel Harland Sanders, in character In 1930 Sanders opened a  service station  in  Corbin, Kentucky  where he cooked chicken dishes and other meals such as  country ham  andsteaks  for customers. 10]  Since he did not have a restaurant, he served customers in his adjacent living quarters. His local popularity grew, and Sanders moved to a motel and 142 seat restaurant, later  Harland Sanders Cafe and Museum. Over the next nine years he developed his â€Å"secret recipe† for frying chicken in a  pressure fryerthat cooked the chicken much faster than  pan frying. In 1939 food critic  Duncan Hines  visited Sanders’s restaurant incognito and was so impressed he listed the place in â€Å"Adventures in Good Eating,† his famous guide to restaurants throughou t the US.As his success grew, Sanders played a more active role in civic life, joining the  Rotary Club, the chamber of commerce, and the  Freemasons. [11]  In 1947 he and Josephine divorced, and in 1949 he married his secretary Claudia, as he had long desired. [12]  He was â€Å"re-commissioned† as a Kentucky colonel in 1949 by his friend, Governor  Lawrence Wetherby. [13] Around 1950, Sanders began developing his distinctive appearance, growing his trademark mustache and goatee and donning a white suit and string tie. 13]  He never wore anything else in public during the last 20 years of his life, using a heavy wool suit in the winter and a light cotton suit in the summer. [7]  He bleached his moustache and goatee to match his white hair. [12] At age 65, Sanders' store having failed[7]  due to the new  Interstate 75  reducing his restaurant's customer traffic, he took $105 from his first  Social Security  check and began visiting potential franchisee s. [14] The franchise approach was successful, and less than ten years later (in 1964) Sanders old the Kentucky Fried Chicken corporation for $2 million to a partnership of Kentucky businessmen headed by  John Y. Brown, Jr. The deal did not include the Canadian operations. In 1965 Sanders moved to  Mississauga,  Ontario  to oversee his Canadian franchises and continued to collect franchise and appearance fees there and appearance fees in the U. S. (He was locally active. For example, his 80th birthday was held at the  Inn on the Park  in  North York, Ontario, hosted by  Jerry Lewis  as a  Canadian Muscular Dystrophy Association  fundraiser. [15]  In September 1970 he and his wife were  baptized  in the  Jordan River. [16]  He befriended  Billy Graham  and  Jerry Falwell. [16] In 1973, he sued  Heublein Inc. — then parent company of Kentucky Fried Chicken  Ã¢â‚¬â€ over alleged misuse of his image in promoting products he had not helpe d develop. In 1975, Heublein Inc. unsuccessfully sued Sanders for libel after he publicly described their gravy as â€Å"wallpaper paste† to which â€Å"sludge† was added. [17] ————————————————- Death and legacy Gravesite of Harland Sanders.Sanders later used his stockholdings to create the Colonel Harland Sanders Trust and Colonel Harland Sanders Charitable Organization, which used the proceeds to aid charities and fund scholarships. His trusts continue to donate money to groups like the  Trillium Health Care Centre; a wing of their building specializes in women's and children's care and has been named after him. [18]  The  Sidney, British Columbia  based foundation granted over $1,000,000 in 2007, according to its 2007 tax return. [19] Sanders died at the Jewish Hospital[20]  in  Louisville, Kentucky, of pneumonia on December 16, 1980. 21][22]  He had been diagnosed with acute leukemia the previous June. [8]  His body lay in state in the rotunda of the  Kentucky State Capitol; after a funeral service at theSouthern Baptist Seminary  Chapel attended by more than 1,000 people. He was buried in his characteristic white suit and black western string tie in  Cave Hill Cemetery  in Louisville. Since his death, Sanders has been portrayed by voice actors in Kentucky Fried Chicken commercials in radio and an animated version of him has been used for television commercials.The Japanese  Nippon Professional Baseball  league has developed an  urban legend  of the â€Å"Curse of the Colonel†. A statue of Colonel Sanders was thrown into the river and lost during a 1985 fan celebration, and (according to the legend) the â€Å"curse† has caused Japan'sHanshin Tigers  to perform poorly since the incident. [23] A manuscript of a book on cooking, which Sanders apparently wrote in the mid-1960s, has been fo und in KFC archives. It includes some cooking recipes from Sanders as well as stories. KFC plans to try some of the recipes, and to offer the book online. 24] ————————————————- Footnotes 1. ^  Sanders was given the honorary title â€Å"Kentucky Colonel† in 1935 by  Governor  Ruby Laffoon. 1. ^  Seven World Figures Who Drop Out Of The school, Sevenrare. com. 2. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Harlan Sander's Family Tree†. www. genealogy. com. Retrieved 2009-03-09. 3. ^  a  b  c  d  e  f  The Human Tradition in the New South By James C. Klotter 130 4. ^http://www. kentuckyfriedchicken. com/about/pdf/50th_anniversary. pdf 5. ^  http://www. colonelsanders. com/ 6. ^  a  b  c  d  The Human Tradition in the New South By James C.Klotter 131 7. ^  a  b  c  Ozersky, Josh (2010-09-15). â€Å"KFC's Colonel Sanders: He Was Real, Not Just an Iconâ₠¬ . Time. Retrieved 2010-09-18. 8. ^  a  b  Edith Evans Asbury (1980-12-17). â€Å"Col. Harland Sanders, Founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken, Dies: [Obituary]†. The New York Times: p. A33. 9. ^  Josh Kegley,  Daughter of Colonel Sanders dies at age 91,Lexington Herald-Leader, September 25, 2010. 10. ^  KFC. co. uk | About Us | KFC History 11. ^  The Human Tradition in the New South By James C. Klotter 138. 12. ^  a  b  The Human Tradition in the New South By James C. Klotter 142 13.   a  b  Ã¢â‚¬Å"KFC – Colonel Sanders Cafe & Museum – America's First Kentucky Fried Chicken†. Corbinkentucky. us. 1964-02-18. Retrieved 2010-07-30. 14. ^  I've Got A Secret  interview, originally broadcast April 6, 1964 (rebroadcast by GSN March 30, 2008). 15. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dinner for Col. Sanders†. Toronto Star  (Toronto ON): p. 23. 10 July 1970. 16. ^  a  b  The Human Tradition in the New South By James C. Klotter 153 17. ^  Kleber, John E. ; Thomas D. Clark, Lowell H. Harrison, and James C. Klotter (June 1992). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 796. ISBN  0-8131-1772-0. 18. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"About Us: Tillium Health Center†.Trilliumhealthcentre. org. Retrieved 2010-07-30. 19. ^  Harland Sanders Foundation on the CRA web site 20. ^  Col. Sanders, fried chicken king, dead Chicago Tribune (1963-Current file) [Chicago, Ill] 17 Dec 1980: 5. 21. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Milestones†. Time. 1980-12-29. Retrieved 2008-05-19. 22. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Col. Sanders, 90, Dies of Pneumonia†. The Washington Post. 1980-12-17. 23. ^  White, Paul (2003-08-21). â€Å"The Colonel's curse runs deep†. USA Today. Retrieved 2009-05-28. 24. ^  Schreiner, Bruce (2011-11-10). â€Å"Colonel Sanders harbored more than one secret†. News & Record. Associated Press. Retrieved 2011-11-12.

Christian love

Christianity is often associated with several key concepts, two of which are love and justice.   However, it is crucial to define these two terms to arrive at a clearer understanding.   This paper seeks to discuss the Christian view of love and justice. What is love? More importantly, what is Christian love? What are the characteristics of Christian love? Paul B. Henry enumerates the characteristics. One, love is â€Å"voluntarily given.[1]† It is not forced, or demanded.   Christian love is all about willingness to give and share.   One cannot seek love; it can only be received if it is willingly delivered.   It cannot be called love if it is by force or manipulation.   One should not be compelled to submit.   Love is only love when it is willingly given; it cannot be derived any other way.   Suppose a woman is engaged to be married to a man her parents chose for her.   She does not love this person, but she will marry him.   The marriage may demand her to love her husband, and she might.   However, this is not real love.   Real love is not demanded or demanding.   It is always willing. Second, love is â€Å"personally mediated.[2]†Ã‚   Christian love is personal.   There is no such thing as loving impersonally.   Since love is voluntary, it follows that is also personal.   It is simply because when one willingly gives something, it automatically denotes a personal decision.   Say for example, a college student decides to give a friend a gift, even when there is no occasion. The gift comes from the willingness to give, and the act of giving is personal decision.   This person decided to give a present out of her own free will.   In turn, the choice of the gift is personal as well.   Love is personal insofar as it exhibits the exercise of one’s free will. Third, love always entails sacrifice.   One wants give up something for the welfare of another.   Suppose a mother has enough money to purchase a new pair of shoe to replace her old, worn pair.   At the last minute, however, her child needs something for a class project.   The mother will then postpone the purchase of the shoes to give way to her daughter.   Because there is no extra money, the mother will put the child’s need first.   That is sacrifice. Lastly, love is â€Å"beyond ordinary moral obligation.[3]†Ã‚   To begin with, it is not an obligation.   If one is feels the need to fulfill an obligation, it is not voluntary.   It is not personal, either.   It is because there will be an external factor that will burden to oblige. Now that the main characteristics of love have been discussed, justice should also be elucidated.   What characterizes Christian justice? First, justice should apply to all.   It is â€Å"universal, eternal and objective.[4]†Ã‚   Since God is the Supreme Being that reigns through all the creatures of the earth, justice should also cover everything that God created Second, justice should also be contained within a specific social structure[5].   God’s creations are diverse, and the people themselves are diverse.   If justice was constructed as such that it was too general, it would not appeal to the specific attributes.   Justice may be universal but it is not general. Third, justice provides methods and guidelines that when followed, it will further the premises of justice[6].   Take human rights, for example.   If human rights are honored, people will be respected and treated as individuals, and when human beings are treated as human beings, there is justice. Fourth, justice is objective and stands apart from human intervention.   The rules of justice will not be bent because of human volition.   It can stand alone, and must be applied to all.   Subjectivity can only cause injustice.   As was earlier mentioned, justice is universal yet specific. The characteristics of love and justice have been dealt with, and the focus is now on both concepts.   How are love and justice related? Can they exist together? How does love and justice differ? How are they similar? According to Henry, â€Å"love and justice cannot stand juxtaposed.[7]†Ã‚   It is because love may transcend the very concept of justice, but it cannot be sustained with something less that justice.   Both concepts are related but the relationship between the two cannot be called equal.   It is not equal because the premises of one concept may exceed or fall short of the other. For example, justice can exert power to achieve its desired effect, but love cannot do the same.   As was earlier discussed, love must be voluntary.   It cannot demand results.   It must not resort to force to establish its ends.   On the other hand, justice exerts power to maintain its characteristics.   For one, for justice to subsist in a specific social order, power must be applied. David Tracy also points out a dependency between love and justice.   Justice needs love in the sense that it must not be abusive of its power.   The two concepts should co-exist in a way that both can manifest their differences but at the same time, highlight their similarities.     Tracy writes: â€Å"Love should empower all Christians to struggle for the self-affirmation intrinsic to the struggle for justice†¦[8]† Here in this statement, he describes that love can fulfill its end, an end that is needed in the fulfillment of justice.   He also states that love should always consider justice, because without it, it can be overtly â€Å"sentimental.[9]†Ã‚   Moreover, justice should also be with love because it might be too preoccupied with power.   It might be â€Å"self-righteous.[10]† Love and justice are indeed two important and related key concepts of Christianity.   Love is willing, it is deeply personal, it entails self-sacrifice and it is beyond an obligation.   When one says â€Å"God is Love,† these characteristics come to mind.   God’s love is willing; He does not demand love from His people.   He wants His people to love Him willingly. Despite the number of people He created, His love for each and every one is personal.   He sacrificed His own Son to save the people from sin.   Lastly, He loves not out of obligation; He loves because He wants to.   In addition, God is universal and eternal, and His terms of justice are objective.   These two concepts come from God, and these concepts describe Him too.   This is the Christian view of love and justice. Bibliography Henry, Paul. â€Å"Love, Power and Justice,† Christian Century (1977): 1088. Tracy, David. â€Å"God is Love: The Central Christian Metaphor,† The Living Pulpit 1, no.3 (1992): 10. [1]Paul B. Henry, â€Å"Love, Power and Justice,† Christian Century (1977): 1088. [2] Ibid. [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid. [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid. [7] Ibid. [8] David Tracy, â€Å"God is Love: The Central Christian Metaphor,† The Living Pulpit 1,no. 3 (1992):10. [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid.

The DIA in Detroit, M Ichigan essays

The DIA in Detroit, M Ichigan essays On Saturday, February 19, 2005 I went to the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA). The Detroit Institute of Arts is one of the largest art institutions in the nation. It holds over 60,000 art collections ranging from classic to cutting-edge arts. Within this institution the arts are categorized into several categories, such as, European Art, Middle Eastern Islamic and Asian Art. While I was visiting this extravagant institute of arts I was very impressed by all the arts within each category, but I only found three of the categories very fascinating. Those categorize are as follows: European Art, American Art, and African Art and below for the remaining of this essay I will discuss my interest in each of those categories in depth. European Art within the Detroit Institute of Arts is very interesting due to the following: the collections of sculptures and decorative arts contains over 7,000 objects in a wide range of media, including armor, ceramics, furniture, glass, ivories, jewelry, precious metalwork, tapestries, and sculpture in all materials and sizes. The collection spans from the fifth through the 19th centuries and represents all major movements and traditions in European art from the Byzantine and early Christian periods through Art Nouveau. One especially strong concentration is an Italian sculpture, which includes works by Nino Pisano, Donatello, Luca della Robbia, Gianlorenzo Bernini, and other important Italian artists. The medieval collection is also notable for its sculpture, as well as its superb ivories, enamels and stained glass. In addition, there is an important and growing focus on 19th century European sculpture, especially models and rare or unique works by Rude, Carpeaux, Germe, Gauguin, and Rodin. The European Art collection spans centuries and also includes important objects from the classical Mediterranean world, including Greek and Roman sculptures. It is also pa...

An exploration into irony, its meaning, and its consequences in Romeo and Juliet Essay

An exploration into irony, its meaning, and its consequences in Romeo and Juliet Essay Incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs; this is the definition of irony, but what really is it? The answer, though not told in this essay, is definitely well explained through examples from William Shakespeares The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. This play is filled with paradoxical happenings that ultimately lead to the death of the hero and heroine. Of them, we see circumstances dealing with verbal, dramatic, and situational irony. To help with describing the definition better, we shall go into each of these types of ironies in turn.First, lets take a look at verbal irony. Verbal irony is basically sarcasm, saying something that means something completely different. We see it in R and J at the beginning when Romeo first meets Juliet and talks philosophically about pilgrims and praying. We see it again when the nurse talks about Juliets age and marriage later on in the same act. It both places, the speaking characters have an underlying meaning to what they really are saying, they are superb examples of verbal irony. Next, we have dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is when the audience knows something the characters do not. This type of irony plays a crucial role in Romeo and Juliet because it is what, in the end, leads to the demise of our heroes. We mainly see this in the end of the play when we learn of Juliets faked death and Romeo has not. We also see it at the death of Tybalt who was completely unaware that he would set Romeo into a killing rage and lose his life to it. These both are cases of dramatic irony.Thirdly and probably most importantly, is situational irony. This is when the story takes a completely different turn than expected by the readers and the characters. I say this plays the most important role in the play because it is what brings us to the death of Romeo and Juliet through the friar. You see, we play into its trap when the friar gives Juliet the potion and we believe that everything is going to be fine. Only later do we find out that it is his failure to plan that kills the young lovers. In the end, it is situational irony that makes the story of Romeo and Juliet a tragedy. Through this essay, we have generally learned what irony is through examples in the text Romeo and Juliet. We have looked at what ironys three main types are and examples. There was verbal irony, such as at the beginning of the play. There was also dramatic irony such as Juliets fake death. Finally, the play went out with a bang by using situational irony.Hopefully, by going into these types of irony, irony itself is better understood.

Integration and Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integration and Reflection - Essay Example At the other end of the processing in ECKART, are the thinnest pigments with an OD of 0.6 which is dark metallic in physical appearance (Dopke, 2007). These metals and chemicals are harmful to human health. Employees who work in ECKART department may be exposed to these potential harmful metals, pigment and chemicals. The main threat to employees in ECKART division of Altana Company is association with exposure to cadmium. This metal has been extensively studied, and its effects on human healthy have been reviewed for several times by international bodies such as WHO. Cadmium appears naturally in ore together with copper, zinc and lead. Cadmium compounds function as stabilizers in several alloys, PVC products, color pigment and presently commonly, in re-chargeable nickel-cadmium batteries (Dopke, 2007). Inhalations of cadmium particles are life threatening, and even though deaths and acute pulmonary effects are rare, sporadic scenarios still happen. As a result of high cadmium exposure, employees in ECKART may experience kidney damage or kidney failure. The first sign of the renal lesion is a tubular malfunction, evidenced by an up surged excretion of low enzymes or proteins. From research carried out this disorder is reversible; however, there are overwhelming confirmations that cadmium prompted tubular is indeed irreversible. In other words working in ECKART depart of Altana Company is extremely dangerous to its employees. Working under such condition can be dangerous; however the employees of Altana are adequately informed of the risks. Altana management body through environment, health and safety organizations (EHS), not only does it teach employees the role of chemicals production method, but also encourage them to attend Company-mandated education events (Dopke, 2007). These events are held every three months. In these meetings the management body addresses topics such as dangerous substances, and hazardous waste, and occupational